The beasts and monsters of Elutheria are all vastly different, and so are their damage types. Each of them is affected differently by Armor and Charms.
Every attack has 2 attributes; its Element and Type.
The element of an attack will sometimes give it special properties (and changes the FX of the attack animation). The type of attack will change how the target's defense stats react.
Note that the element of the player's attacks does not affect whether they interact with the environment in certain ways; this is limited to specific abilities.
Attacks that do not have any special properties.
Fire attacks are generally a bit higher in damage and often inflict On Fire. Besides that, they have no special attributes.
Frost attacks are usually as powerful or a bit weaker than normal attacks, but often inflict Freezing, which can severely affect the outcome of a fight.
Acid attacks are generally a bit weak but entirely ignore the player's armor, resorting to their Endurance stat only. Acid attacks also often inflict Acid Burn.
Enemies hit with acid attacks will ignore all of their defense stats. (75% on Hero Mode)
Shock damage deals high damage and has a higher chance to stagger the target.
Venom attacks are the weakest form of attacks, but have a special "critical hit" property. Every attack has a 10% chance (1 in 10) to deal triple damage.
Venom attacks will also often inflict Envenomated, combining the effects of On Fire and Freezing, making it even more dangerous.
Psionic damage deals high damage and completely ignores armor. This element is very rare, as most psionic attacks are simply status effects.
Attacks carried out with a weapon or appendage directly applied to the foe's face.
Damage using this type is called MDMG, and defense against this type is MDEF.
Attacks carried out with projectiles or otherwise done from a safe distance.
Damage using this type is RDMG, and protection against it is RDEF.
Attacks spurred on via arcane wizardry.
Magic attacks are not technically their own category; they still inflict either MDMG or RDMG depending on the context. Instead, attacks are given a "magic" flag for certain trinkets and armors that protect even more effectively against it.
Attacks that completely break the laws of reality and are carried out via divine intervention.
This is any source of damage that ignores all damage modifiers and defense, such as traps and pitfalls, or damage from status effects. Generally not used for anything else.